英文畢業論文精品(七篇)

序論：寫作是一種深度的自我表達。它要求我們深入探索自己的思想和情感，挖掘那些隱藏在內心深處的真相，好投稿為您帶來了七篇英文畢業論文范文，愿它們成為您寫作過程中的靈感催化劑，助力您的創作。

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在畢業論文中有著起到非常重要作用的就是畢業論文致謝了，那么你們知道畢業論文致謝英文應該怎么撰寫嗎？下面是學術參考網小編為朋友們搜集整理的畢業論文致謝英文，希望可以幫到你~

Acknowledgements

MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.

Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.

Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis

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1.1 Background of this study 1

1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1

1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2

1.4 The significance of the study 2

2. Literature Review 4

2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4

2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5

2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6

2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8

3. The methodology 10

3.1 The subjects 10

3.2 Instruments 10

3.3 Data collection 11

3.4 Data analysis 11

4. Results and discussion 16

4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16

4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16

4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17

5. Conclusion 19

Acknowledgements 20

References 21

Appendices 23

 

1. Introduction

In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.

1.1 Background of this study

With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.

In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.

Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.

1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students

In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.

According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.

1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home

With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.

Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245

1.4 The significance of the study 

With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.

What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.

 

2. Literature Review

In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.

2.1 Definition of learning strategies

In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.

Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.

In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78

In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58

2.2 Classification of learning strategies

2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad

Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:

In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.

The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55

1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.

2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.

The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.

Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.

2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China

As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.

Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56

Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54

2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies

2.3.1 Nature of oral English

Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar.  Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.

The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85

2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad

With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:    

1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.

2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.

Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79

The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.

O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.

Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75

2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home

From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307

In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26

2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies

During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.

1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154

2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25

3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.

4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.

5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.

6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.

7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85

 

3. The methodology

The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.

3.1 The subjects

3.1.1 Purpose

The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.

3.1.2 Participants

The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.

3.2 Instruments

The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.

3.3 Data collection

The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.

3.4 Data analysis

This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.

3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies

Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life

Category Online In real life

Overall strategies  2.50 4.02

Memory strategies 2.30 4.33

Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04

Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83

Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12

Affective strategies 2.19 3.03

Social strategies 2.24 4.08

The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.

3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies

Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies

Category Mean Std. Deviation

Memory strategies 2.30 2.29

Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33

Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91

Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18

Affective strategies 2.19 3.43

Social strategies 2.24 3.07

The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.

3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors

3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender

Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender

Category Male Female

Overall strategies  2.33 2.67

Memory strategies 2.28 2.32

Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61

Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57

Affective strategies 2.18 2.20

Social strategies 2.21 2.27

From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.

3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors

Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major

Category Science Arts

Overall strategies  2.36 2.64

Memory strategies 2.25 2.35

Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63

Compensation strategies  2.59  2.47

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33

Affective strategies 2.15 2.23

Social strategies 2.19 2.29

From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.

3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities

Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality

Category Extroverted Introverted

Overall strategies  2.50 2.42

Memory strategies 2.27 2.33

Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56

Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34

Affective strategies 2.19 2.17

Social strategies 2.26 2.21

From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.

3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels

Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning

 strategies by different self-rated proficiency level

Category High Medium Low

Overall strategies  2.53 1.61 0.89

Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12

Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98

Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90

Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83

Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67

Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83

In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.

 

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies

As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:

First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.

Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.

Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.

The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.

4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.

From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.

The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.

Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.

4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors

As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.

As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages

As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.

As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.

As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.

At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.

 

5. Conclusion

The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.

 Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.

As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.

It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.

Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.

All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

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Appendices

浙江科技學院非英語專業大學生網上英語口語學習策略調查問卷

                           

一、個人簡況

姓名:              

性別:                 A 男            B女  

             

科別：                A 理工科        B文科 

你的性格特征：                 A內向           B外向       

你認為你目前的英語綜合水平：   A很差           B一般         C優秀

二、網上英語口語學習策略調查

（元認知策略使用情況調查）

1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

2、上網學習時，我能把握上網學習的時間和內容。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

 

3、對于如何上網提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

5、我思考和評價自己的上網學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（認知策略使用情況調查）

7、我瀏覽各種英文網站、聽英文錄音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文視頻等，聽和練習口語。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

9、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

10、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時，我會小聲跟著說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（記憶策略使用情況調查）

11、我反復觀看喜歡的歐美劇，以便加深印象。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

13、在英文網站上遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

15、我把上網遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

16、我用金山詞霸等網上字典在線查找生詞的意義及用法。

 A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（補償策略使用情況調查）

17、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

18、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復或放慢語速。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

19、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時， 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞 時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

20、當不能表達自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（情感策略使用情況調查）

21、在網絡環境中害怕別人發現你英語方面的不足嗎? 

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

22、為了把口語說好，我經常自我鼓勵。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

24、上網學習英語后，我的學習興趣提高了。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（社交策略使用情況調查）

26、用英語寫郵件或聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

27、通過網上交流很容易在學習上和同學結成朋友。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

30、在口語表達時，我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難，向對方尋求幫助。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

浙江科技學院非英語專業大學生非網絡狀態下英語口語學習策略調查問卷

（元認知策略使用情況調查）

1、我尋求好的網上口語練習的時間和地點。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

2、學習時，我能把握學習的時間和內容。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

 

3、對于如何提高英語口語能力，在不同時期，我有明確的目標。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

4、我總在尋求更好的口語學習方法。

A從不     B很少    C有時      D經常    E總是

5、我思考和評價自己的學習方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（認知策略使用情況調查）

7、我參加有利于英語提高的活動，聽和練習口語。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

8、在用英語聊天時，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

9、聽英語時，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調及用詞。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

10、聽英語時，我會小聲跟著說。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（記憶策略使用情況調查）

11、我反復朗讀喜歡的英語文章，以便加深印象。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

12、記單詞時， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關詞匯。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

13、遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

15、我把遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

16、我會努力查找生詞的意義及用法。

 A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（補償策略使用情況調查）

17、英語聊天時，我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

18、英語聊天時，當不懂對方所言時，會請求對方重復或放慢語速。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

19、英語聊天時， 當與別人交談時想不起某個詞時， 我會使用同義詞（組）。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

20、當不能表達自己時， 我會舉例等方式進行解釋。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（情感策略使用情況調查）

21、害怕別人發現你英語方面的不足嗎? 

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

22、為了把口語說好，我經常自我鼓勵。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

23、說英語緊張時， 我會想辦法消除它。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

24、一番努力學習后，我的學習興趣提高了。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

25、我會與家人、同學、老師等探討口語學習的感受

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

（社交策略使用情況調查）

26、用英語聊天時，我請對方糾正我的錯誤。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

27、英語打開新的世界，結交更多的朋友。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

28、必要時，交談借助手勢、表情等進行表達。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

29、交談時，我把精力放在意思表達上。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

30、在口語表達時，我直接向對方表示自己遇到困難，向對方尋求幫助。

A從不    B很少      C有時     D經常   E總是

謝謝您的合作!

 

誠 信 承 諾

我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業論文《基于網絡的英語口語學習策略研究》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔。

 

篇(3)

為規范本科生畢業論文（設計）撰寫格式，進一步保證本科生畢業論文（設計）質量，特制定本規范。

一、畢業論文（設計）撰寫結構要求

1、題目：應簡潔、明確、有概括性，字數不宜超過20個字。

2、文獻綜述：一般不少于1000字。

3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語言精練、明確。同時有中、英文對照，中文摘要約300—400漢字；英文摘要約200—300個實詞。

4、關鍵詞：從論文標題或正文中挑選3～5個最能表達主要內容的詞作為關鍵詞，同時有中、英文對照，分別附于中、英文摘要后。

5、目錄：寫出目錄，標明頁碼。

6、正文：

（1）畢業論文正文：包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。

前言（引言）是論文的開頭部分，主要說明論文寫作的目的、現實意義、對所研究問題的認識，并提出論文的中心論點等。前言要寫得簡明扼要，篇幅不要太長。

本論是畢業論文的主體，包括研究內容與方法、實驗材料、實驗結果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運用各方面的研究方法和實驗結果，分析問題，論證觀點，盡量反映出自己的科研能力和學術水平。

結論是畢業論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結束語。其基本的要點就是總結全文，加深題意。

（2）畢業設計說明書正文包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。

前言（引言）：說明本設計的目的、意義、范圍及應達到的技術要求；簡述本課題在國內外的發展概況及存在的問題；本設計的指導思想；闡述本設計應解決的主要問題。

本論：

①設計方案論證：說明設計原理并進行方案選擇。說明為什么要選擇這個設計方案（包括各種方案的分析、比較）；闡述所采用方案的特點（如采用了何種新技術、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。

②計算部分：這部分在設計說明書中應占有相當的比例。要列出各零部件的工作條件、給定的參數、計算公式以及各主要參數計算的詳細步驟和計算結果；根據此計算應選用什么原器件或零部件；對應采用計算機的設計還應包括各種軟件設計。

③結構設計部分：包括機械結構設計、各種電氣控制線路設計及功能電路設計、計算機控制的硬件裝置設計等，以及以上各種設計所繪制的圖紙。

④樣機或試件的各種實驗及測試情況：包括實驗方法、線路及數據處理等。

⑤方案的校驗：說明所設計的系統是否滿足各項性能指標的要求，能否達到預期效果。校驗的方法可以是理論驗算（即反推算），包括系統分析；也可以是實驗測試及計算機的上機運算等。

結論：概括說明設計的情況和價值，分析其優點和特色、有何創新、性能達到何水平，并應指出其中存在的問題和今后改進的方向。

7、謝辭：簡述自己通過做畢業論文（設計）的體會，并應對指導教師和協助完成論文（設計）的有關人員表示謝意。

8、參考文獻：在畢業論文（設計說明書）末尾要列出在論文（設計）中參考過的專著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻應按文中參考或引證的先后順序排列。

9、注釋：在論文（設計說明書）寫作過程中，有些問題需要在正文之外加以闡述和說明。

10、附錄：對于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價值的內容，可編入附錄中。例如，公式的推演、編寫的算法、語言程序等。

二、畢業論文（設計）撰寫格式要求

1、畢業論文一律打印，采取A4紙張，頁邊距一律采?。荷?、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行間距取多倍行距（設置值為1.25）；字符間距為默認值（縮放100%，間距：標準），封面采用教學管理部統一規定的封面。

2、字體要求

論文所用字體要求為宋體。

3、字號

第一層次題序和標題用小三號黑體字；第二層次題序和標題用四號黑體字；第三層次及以下題序和標題與第二層次同；正文用小四號宋體。

4、頁眉及頁碼

畢業論文各頁均加頁眉，采用宋體五號宋體居中，打印“河北大學工商學院XXXX屆本科生畢業論文（設計）”。頁碼從正文開始在頁腳按阿拉伯數字（宋體小五號）連續編排，居中書寫。

5、摘要及關鍵詞

中文摘要及關鍵詞：“摘要”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“摘”與“要”之間空兩格，內容采用小四號宋體?！瓣P鍵詞”三字采用小四號字黑體，頂格書寫，一般為3—5個。

英文摘要應與中文摘要相對應，字體為小四號TimesNewRoman。

6、目錄

“目錄”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“目”與“錄”之間空兩格，第一級層次采用小三號宋體字，其他級層次題目采用四號宋體字。

7、正文

正文的全部標題層次應整齊清晰，相同的層次應采用統一的字體表示。第一級為“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二級為“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三級為“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務處主頁下載專區下載）。

8、參考文獻

參考文獻要另起一頁，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用標注，如×××[1]，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務處主頁下載專區下載）。

9、外文資料及譯文

外文資料可用A4紙復印，如果打印，采用小四號TimesNewRoman字體；譯文采用小四號宋體打印，格式參照畢業論文（設計）文本格式要求，譯文一般不少于2000字。

10、圖、表、公式

圖：a.要精選、簡明，切忌與表及文字表述重復。

b.圖中術語、符號、單位等應同文字表述一致。

c.圖序及圖名居中置于圖的下方，用五號字宋體。

表：a.表中參數應標明量和單位的符號。

b.表序及表名置于表的上方。

c.表序、表名和表內內容采用五號宋體字。

公式：a.編號用括號括起寫在右邊行末，其間不加虛線。

b.公式中的英文字母和數字可以采用默認的字體和字號。

圖、表與正文之間要有一行的間距，公式與正文之間不需空行；文中的圖、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯數字分章編號。如：圖2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）（“公式”兩個字不要寫上）等。若圖或表中有附注，采用英文小寫字母順序編號。

11、量和單位

要嚴格執行GB3100—3102：93有關量和單位的規定（具體要求請參閱《常用量和單位》，計量出版社，1996）；物理量用斜體，單位用正體；

單位名稱的書寫，可以采用國際通用符號，也可以用中文名稱，但全文應統一，不要兩種混用。

12、標點符號

注意中英文標點符號的區別，不能混用。

三、畢業論文（設計）裝訂存檔要求

1、畢業論文（設計）資料應包括任務書、開題報告、畢業論文（設計）文本、外文資料及譯文、畢業論文（設計）成績評定表等。

篇(4)

為規范本科生畢業論文（設計）撰寫格式，進一步保證本科生畢業論文（設計）質量，特制定本規范。

一、畢業論文（設計）撰寫結構要求

1、題目：應簡潔、明確、有概括性，字數不宜超過20個字。

2、文獻綜述：一般不少于1000字。

3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語言精練、明確。同時有中、英文對照，中文摘要約300—400漢字；英文摘要約200—300個實詞。

4、關鍵詞：從論文標題或正文中挑選3～5個最能表達主要內容的詞作為關鍵詞，同時有中、英文對照，分別附于中、英文摘要后。

5、目錄：寫出目錄，標明頁碼。

6、正文：

（1）畢業論文正文：包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。

前言（引言）是論文的開頭部分，主要說明論文寫作的目的、現實意義、對所研究問題的認識，并提出論文的中心論點等。前言要寫得簡明扼要，篇幅不要太長。

本論是畢業論文的主體，包括研究內容與方法、實驗材料、實驗結果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運用各方面的研究方法和實驗結果，分析問題，論證觀點，盡量反映出自己的科研能力和學術水平。

結論是畢業論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結束語。其基本的要點就是總結全文，加深題意。

（2）畢業設計說明書正文包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。

前言（引言）：說明本設計的目的、意義、范圍及應達到的技術要求；簡述本課題在國內外的發展概況及存在的問題；本設計的指導思想；闡述本設計應解決的主要問題。

本論：

①設計方案論證：說明設計原理并進行方案選擇。說明為什么要選擇這個設計方案（包括各種方案的分析、比較）；闡述所采用方案的特點（如采用了何種新技術、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。

②計算部分：這部分在設計說明書中應占有相當的比例。要列出各零部件的工作條件、給定的參數、計算公式以及各主要參數計算的詳細步驟和計算結果；根據此計算應選用什么原器件或零部件；對應采用計算機的設計還應包括各種軟件設計。

③結構設計部分：包括機械結構設計、各種電氣控制線路設計及功能電路設計、計算機控制的硬件裝置設計等，以及以上各種設計所繪制的圖紙。

④樣機或試件的各種實驗及測試情況：包括實驗方法、線路及數據處理等。

⑤方案的校驗：說明所設計的系統是否滿足各項性能指標的要求，能否達到預期效果。校驗的方法可以是理論驗算（即反推算），包括系統分析；也可以是實驗測試及計算機的上機運算等。

結論：概括說明設計的情況和價值，分析其

優點和特色、有何創新、性能達到何水平，并應指出其中存在的問題和今后改進的方向。

7、謝辭：簡述自己通過做畢業論文（設計）的體會，并應對指導教師和協助完成論文（設計）的有關人員表示謝意。

8、參考文獻：在畢業論文（設計說明書）末尾要列出在論文（設計）中參考過的專著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻應按文中參考或引證的先后順序排列。

9、注釋：在論文（設計說明書）寫作過程中，有些問題需要在正文之外加以闡述和說明。

10、附錄：對于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價值的內容，可編入附錄中。例如，公式的推演、編寫的算法、語言程序等。

二、畢業論文（設計）撰寫格式要求

1、畢業論文一律打印，采取a4紙張，頁邊距一律采?。荷?、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行間距取多倍行距（設置值為1.25）；字符間距為默認值（縮放100%，間距：標準），封面采用教學管理部統一規定的封面。

2、字體要求

論文所用字體要求為宋體。

3、字號

第一層次題序和標題用小三號黑體字；第二層次題序和標題用四號黑體字；第三層次及以下題序和標題與第二層次同；正文用小四號宋體。

4、頁眉及頁碼

畢業論文各頁均加頁眉，采用宋體五號宋體居中，打印“河北大學工商學院xxxx屆本科生畢業論文（設計）”。頁碼從正文開始在頁腳按阿拉伯數字（宋體小五號）連續編排，居中書寫。

5、摘要及關鍵詞

中文摘要及關鍵詞：“摘要”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“摘”與“要”之間空兩格，內容采用小四號宋體?！瓣P鍵詞”三字采用小四號字黑體，頂格書寫，一般為3—5個。

英文摘要應與中文摘要相對應，字體為小四號times new roman。

6、目錄

“目錄”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“目”與“錄”之間空兩格，第一級層次采用小三號宋體字，其他級層次題目采用四號宋體字。

7、正文

正文的全部標題層次應整齊清晰，相同的層次應采用統一的字體表示。第一級為“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二級為“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三級為“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務處主頁下載專區下載）。

8、參考文獻

參考文獻要另起一頁，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用標注，如××× [1]，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務處主頁下載

專區下載）。

篇(5)

撰寫畢業論文的要求

一、 撰寫論文的重要性

畢業論文，是大學教學的最后一個環節，是對整個大學階段學習的回顧與總結，是學生綜合能力的體現，也是對學生的一次語言及相關科學研究的一次基本訓練，因此，要求學生以高度認真負責的態度對待此項工作。

做好畢業論文的指導工作是整個大學教學和教育的重要和必要內容，也是理論教學的重要組成部分。每一位教師都要以高度的社會責任感和敬業精神投入到此項工作中去，指導學生順利完成畢業論文任務。

二、 指導資格

論文一般由講師以上（含講師）有科研工作經驗的教師指導；

三、 論文選題的范圍及時間

論文選題內容可涉及文化、文學、跨文化交際、翻譯、教學法、語言學六個方面。題目在三年級上學期論文寫作課教師的輔導下初步擬訂，在三年級上學期末確定指導教師。

四、 論文的內容要求

（1） 論文要有一定的思想性，論點明確，論據充分，條理清晰，語言準確、規范、流暢；

（2）論文應由學生獨立完成，不得抄襲；

（3）論文內容應與英語國家文化、社會等問題相關。

五、 論文的格式要求

（1） 一律用英語撰寫；

（2） 長度為3500-4000字之間；

（3） 結構完整，且中、英文摘要、中英文關鍵詞、提綱、參考書目等應符合論文寫作課上所講述的要求

（4） 初稿和定稿必須采用A4標準紙張，經電腦打印完成；

（6） 終稿必須采用的基本編輯格式應符合要求，格式具體要求參見外語系畢業論文模板。中文摘要、關鍵詞統一用A4標準紙張，4號宋體字打印。

六、論文進度安排

（1）三年級上學期為論文準備階段，包括資料的收集與整理、閱讀文獻、撰寫提綱。

（2）在論文指導教師指導下，2005級英語教育專業的學生于2008年1月10日前須將論文題目確定下來，并撰寫畢業論文提綱。

（3）第一稿（Rough Draft）完成時間為3月31日。

（4）第二稿完成時間為4月25日。

（5）第三稿即論文終稿完成時間為5月25日。同時按外語系論文寫作模版打印成文。

七、 畢業論文的階段及要求

論文工作主要分以下幾個階段：準備（資料的收集與整理、閱讀文獻、撰寫提綱）、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿及答辯。

（一）準備：學生可以根據外語系論文寫作范圍選擇研究內容，但要在教師的指導下對研究對象進行資料的收集整理和分析來確定畢業論文題目。

（二）撰寫提綱：學生在指導教師的指導下分析和研究所采集的資料的基礎上，撰寫畢業論文提綱。同時也要求每一位指導教師在學生形成畢業論文提綱前一定要與被指導的學生進行討論，畢業論文提綱應盡量做到全面縝密，理順所要論述內容，避免以后反復修改。

（三）第一稿：要求學生必須嚴格按照指導教師審定后的畢業論文提綱進行寫作，不可自行其是，隨意更換主題。第一稿完成以后，指導教師主要檢查學生是否按照既定的提綱和思想在寫作，及時發現問題及時糾正。如學生采取不認真的態度，指導教師應對其提出嚴肅地批評教育，拒不接受者，指導教師有權提出相應的處理意見，或交系畢業論文工作小組處理。如果教師不認真指導，隨意放學生過關，以后階段出現的問題由該教師本人負責。

（四）第二稿：要求學生不僅要繼續補充第一稿之不足，同時要求在表達上要有所提高。在接到第二稿以后，指導教師閱讀后應指出存在的問題，以便學生及時改正。

（五）第三稿：要求學生在文風、文章格式、修辭等方面有所提高。指導教師要對第三稿進行全面地審閱，并提出修改意見，以保證定稿打印時所有的錯誤和疏漏都得到更正，錯誤率控制在規定范圍內，即2%。同時，教師還要提醒學生在打印前再校對，以保證盡可能地將正確的版本打印出來。

（六）畢業論文答辯：畢業論文的答辯是畢業論文工作的最后階段，要求學生予以充分的準備和重視。論文答辯前，學生們必須充分熟悉論文，答辯時，要求學生能脫稿進行5-10分鐘的畢業論文內容的陳述，并流利、準確地回答答辯委員提出的問題。在答辯過程中，參加答辯的教師要對答辯人的語言技能（語音、語法、詞匯、語用）、口筆頭能力、論文內容和答辯的表現進行認真記錄，客觀公正的評分。

八、 與導師的聯系

（1） 建議學生在第五學期結束之前在寫作課教師輔導下初步確定論文選題方向，但第一次與導師見面的時間不得遲于第五學期指導教師排定后一周；

（2） 學生第一次與導師見面時必須準備好暫定的論文題目、主題與提綱以便討論，否則導師有權不予指導； （3） 對無故不主動與導師聯系的學生，導師有權不予指導；

（4） 對于未遵循上述要求的學生，系論文指導委員會不再另行為其安排指導教師；

九、 “指導紀錄單”的填寫

學生應用（英文）認真填寫論文題目（需附中文題目），認真保存指導記錄單，并于上交論文終稿的同時上交指導記錄單。

呼和浩特職業學院外語系

篇(6)

姓名1

任職單位職銜

E-mail Address

姓名2

任職單位職銜

E-mail Address

摘要

本文舉例說明2002年第六屆信息管理學術暨警察信息實務研討會論文集所采用之排版格式。論文必須附有摘要。摘要以500字為限;11pt標楷體，左右對齊，行高為固定行高15pt。

關鍵詞: 決策分析、制程分析、企業改造。

一、格式

文章必須采用A4大小的紙張，內文寬為16公分，高為24.7公分以每欄7.6公分的寬度分為二欄。文章排列必須左右對齊，不可參差不齊。

文章包括圖片、表格、參考文獻不可超過10頁，不加頁碼。論文格式檔可自本研討會網站下載。

1. 論文題目與作者

論文題目字型為14pt標楷體，且必須置中。作者部分：姓名為12pt標楷體，亦必須置中。所屬機關為10pt標楷體;行高為固定行高15pt。

2. 內文

內文字型均采用11pt標楷體。行高為固定行高15pt。

3. 段落標題與子標題

段落標題與子標題須采用粗體。每段標題與子標題前請留一行空白。每一段落首行以1公分縮排開始。

二、圖片、表格與方程式

1. 圖片

圖片可使用一欄或二欄，說明必須置于圖片下方。必須置中。

圖一: XX圖

2. 表格

表格可以使用一欄或二欄，說明必須置于表格上方且置中。

表一: XX表

3. 方程式

方程式應置中，并且于上下各留一行空白。方程式應編號，編號靠右對齊并從1開始。

F(x)=G(x)+5*H(x) (1)

三、參考文獻格式

參考文獻：11pt標楷體，左右對齊，行高為固定行高15pt。文獻部份請將中文列于前，英文列于后，按姓氏筆畫或字母順序排列。中文參考書之年份可用民國歷年或公元歷年，以下為期刊、論文集、書籍之編排格式的范例.

1.李有仁、陳鴻基、李嘉寧，「組織特性與營銷信息系統的研究：以臺灣大型企業為例，中華民國信息管理學報，第三卷，第一期，民國89年，第 1~20頁。

2.梁定澎，決策支持系統，臺北：松崗計算機圖書公司，1991，第1~20頁。

篇(7)

關鍵詞：專業英語 教學方法 改革

中圖分類號：G642 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號：1674-098X（2017）02（c）-0187-02

英語是全世界分布最廣泛的語言，也是國際交流中應用最多的語言，眾多國際機構都以英語作為交流語言，絕大多數具有較高影響因子的期刊也將英語作為自己的刊物語言，或者將刊物所的摘要添加英語翻譯。據統計，世界上超過80%的權威學術期刊都以英語作為自己的刊物語言[1]，多個領域的研究前沿動態都是以英文報道，學好專業英語對提高學生學術素養的重要性不言而喻[2]。大學階段一般高校都會開設兩門英語課，公共英語和專業英語[3]。前者針對絕大部分專業授課，旨在提高學生的公共英語交流水平，在教學方式上幾乎沒有任何專業差異，大多數都是由英語專業的老師授課，而后者旨在提高學生的專業技能，熟悉自己主修專業的英語詞匯及其表達方法，要求教師在熟悉英語的同時還需熟練地掌握專業知識，往往由英語較好的專業教師授課。普通英語是本科教育中的必修課，學習過程中學生往往迫于考試的壓力和大學英語四級或六級等級考試的壓力不得不竭盡全力學習以求考試通過，而專業英語常常只是作為一門專業選修課且考試大多以開卷的形式，對本科階段的學生來說所面臨的考試壓力相對較小，因此常常得不到學生的重視。與此同時，相比普通英語的學習，學生在學習專業英語時由于專業性和科普性太強[4]，公共英語學習中幾乎從未出現的詞匯眾多，且材料化學專業在化學化工領域涉及面廣，專業性強[5]，部分學生表示在學習過程中經常聽不懂、難以理解。又由于很多老師上課時僅僅以專業詞匯或學術論文的翻譯作為教學和考核的重點，致使學生對專業英語失去學習興趣。因此，教師的教學方法對學生是否能夠學好專業英語尤為重要，只有使學生了解到學習專業英語的樂趣，以及它對畢業設計的文獻調研或者后期深造的重要性，才能讓學生不再感到專業英語枯燥乏味，逐漸從詞匯、段落和表達能力上學好專業英語。

1 詞匯方面指導學生從記英文簡稱開始

詞匯是語言的基本母核，學習任何語言都是以W習詞匯開始，專業英語也不例外。相比公共英語詞匯大多源于普通社會交往和生活交流，材料化學專業英語詞匯往往在普通英語讀物中難以見到且具有較為復雜的表達方式，常常令學生望而生畏。在作者所帶的材料化學專業的學生中，部分普通英語較為優異、詞匯量較大的學生也認為材料化學專業英語詞匯沒有普通英語詞匯中的規律，難以形成較為系統的記憶。由于材料化學專業英語的詞匯大多數為專業詞匯，涵蓋高分子材料、無機材料、復合材料等眾多材料的專有名詞，數量眾多，對大三年級的本科生初學者來說很難形成較為系統的記憶，因此在學習過程中很難激發學生的興趣。而在部分材料化學專業課程中，特別是《儀器分析》課程的教學中時常需要穿插以英文首字母為簡稱的儀器分析方法，如X射線衍射法（X-ray diffraction）簡稱為XRD，掃描電子顯微鏡（Scanning electron microscopy）簡稱為SEM等。同樣地，該類簡稱在高分子材料學中也十分常見，如聚乙烯（polyethylene）簡稱為PE，聚氯乙烯（Polyvinyl chloride）簡稱為PVC等。相比復雜的專業詞匯的英文全稱，英文簡稱顯然更容易被學生牢記，并且英文簡稱在實際生活中也應用較多，學生除了能夠從課本中學到專業詞匯外，也能比較容易地在生活中了解到某種材料的英文簡稱，進而了解該材料的英文全稱，由此形成聯想記憶，方可較為容易地尋找到材料化學專業英語詞匯的一般規律，增加專業英語的詞匯量。因此在教學過程中，對剛剛進入材料化學專業英語學習的大三學生，可先幫助其回憶專業課上學過的英文簡稱，進而對其解釋該簡稱的英文全稱，一方面可帶領學生復習之前所學的專業內容，另一方面可由此增加學生對專業英語的興趣，使學生在專業英語學習過程中能夠有成就感。